Simple garbage Classification We are all doing, living room kitchen toilet each one trash can?

. In my view, the classification of rubbish is one of the symbols that truly embodies the level of civilization development of a country.

To achieve comprehensive garbage classification and treatment,

1) It is necessary for all strata of society to have garbage classification knowledge and consciousness;

2 The need for government departments to introduce sound laws and regulations to protect;

3 The need for public tax and financial support of the economy;

4 the need for the garbage classification of the network departments have the corresponding technical capacity and management level;

5 The above aspects need mutual trust, mutual supervision and mutual promotion.

The above requirements, no less difficult than winning a war. Classification of rubbish is not trivial, need to be gradual, starting from everyone, now start.

In our country,

1 The majority of residents ' knowledge of rubbish classification is superficial and one-sided, only some residents have the consciousness of active rubbish classification;

2 The government does not have corresponding laws and regulations, some cities have introduced the relevant regulations of garbage classification, but because the supporting policies are imperfect and the supervision is lax, most of them are fictitious;

3 The waste disposal fees levied by residents across the country are generally too low, there is no real "polluter pays"; the public finances of all levels of cities generally give priority to the issue of people's livelihood, and most of the city's garbage disposal can only stay in the "removal" of the degree, not really harmless treatment, not to mention the comprehensive recycling ；

4 Resource recovery enterprises have low technical level, small scale, some new resources use the profitability of enterprises, poor market cultivation;

5 Beijing and other 8 cities since 2000 have experimented with garbage sorting and recycling, on the one hand, some residents do not cooperate, the participation level is low, the municipal government has not been effective in the investment, enthusiasm has been hit; , the two cases cross into a vicious circle, so that the overall result of the rubbish classification is "try but not".

2. Rubbish is the resource of misplaced place.

Garbage classification is to make the various components of the rubbish to their proper.

The key to the success of garbage classification comes from 1 the pressure of law enforcement; 2 The resource recycling industry uses the back-end classification to pull the pull of the front-end classification and recovery;

Top-down pressure is needed. If, as in the United States, Japan, Taipei and other areas of the classification of recycling as a mandatory act, the offender fines or negative legal liability, then some people do not support, do not understand the residents, will also be under pressure to learn and practice the classification of recycling.

At present, China has not implemented the law of compulsory garbage classification.

2000 identified the first batch of garbage classification pilot cities are 8 (China's 8 urban pilot waste Classification 14 effect very little), 2014 began a new round of domestic waste classification demonstration City (district) Construction (Ministry of the People's Republic of China Housing and Urban and rural construction) after the increase to 26 (the Ministry of Housing and Urban and rural construction in Guizhou province housing and urban-rural construction Department of the five departments on the forwarding of "housing urban and Rural Construction department office and other departments on the publication of the first batch of living garbage classified model City (district) notice").

In these 26 cities, some cities have developed relevant standards and methods, such as Guangzhou Municipal solid waste Classification management Interim provisions, Beijing Municipal Solid Waste Management regulations, Shanghai city to promote the classification of domestic waste reduction measures. More city regulations are still in the making.

Although legislation is in force, the mandatory and deterrent nature of these regulations is generally inadequate. All kinds of media have reported pedestrian red light penalty (pedestrian red light is how to punish?) (pictured)), but I have not heard of any residents who have been fined for not having classified their rubbish.

The lack of classification pressure from the legal level leads to a general low sense of classification in the whole society and a lower willingness to realize classification voluntarily.

The most important and fundamental power of garbage classification comes from the development and perfection of the industrial system of recycling and reuse. It will produce a pull from the back end using conduction to the front-end classification, because it does not require legal coercion, so the cost of friction with the various departments is very low, easier to obtain the support of residents.

In fact, our country has been experimenting with garbage sorting and recycling very early. In the age of scarcity, street traders recycled scrap metal, waste paper, waste plastic, small to a piece of toothpaste skin, can change back a small piece of maltose. At present, we do not have to worry about food and beverage industry kitchen waste, because early in the government issued a standardized document before, people have already started the "swill Pig", "gutter oil" practice. From the point of view of resource recovery, the folk spontaneous formation of "gutter oil" production is quite economical and efficient, but they should not be used to impersonate food oil and violate the moral and food hygiene management of the bottom line.

From the residents ' point of view, scrap iron, waste paper and so on are the price of resources, they can be sold to waste recycling stations, and has enough liquidity, belong to a special "hard currency."

From the macroscopic point of view, scrap iron, waste paper and other materials to remove the "garbage" label and resources, because of these materials behind a perfect recycling system. If because of the development of technology, the reuse value of a certain kind of material is higher than its recovery cost, then there will be people to invest in recycling facilities, some people engaged in bulk acquisition, some people engage in transport, some people engaged in the classification of recycling, so that from the back end of the industrial chain to the front-end conduction, eventually from the people in the hands of the recovery of such materials.

The establishment of this recycling system requires a variety of objective conditions.

The first is that the material itself needs a high value for reuse, such as scrap metal, but as steel overcapacity and steel prices fall, the popularity of scrap iron has been reduced, scavengers prefer copper and other non-ferrous metals. As for the recycling of waste appliances and electronic products, through simple dismantling and smelting, you can obtain gold and silver and other precious metal mixtures, is your lantau and other areas to form large-scale electronic products processing industry basic logic.

The second is that the cost of recycling must be very low, at least less than the reuse of income, standardized beer bottles only need to be cleaned and disinfected can be directly used, but the collection cost of broken glass is high, need to be re smelting, large-scale commercialization processing is difficult, so broken glass in addition to a small number of building materials, often in the garbage heap.

Third, in the whole system of material utilization, the ratio of recycled materials to new materials is higher; mineral water bottle is a large area of pet plastics, recycled mineral water bottles obtained after pet raw materials, pet non-food use of cost-effective raw material; plastic yogurt boxes are mostly made of PE or PP, and PE and PP Relative to a generic material, at the same time produce a large number of other types of plastic products, even if the recovery of all plastic yogurt box, accounted for the proportion of total pe/pp use, not to mention yogurt boxes need additional cleaning. So the bottle of mineral water is hard currency, the circulation of plastic yogurt box is much worse.

The garbage classification resource belonging to the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Management needs to obey the objective law of the above resources recycling, and it belongs to the construction and the municipal sanitation department management of the garbage classification treatment also need to obey these several laws.

Municipal Department of Garbage Classification treatment, but also a resource recycling.

Earth-wide, the most primitive and ultimate way to dispose of garbage is landfill. After the landfill, sanitary landfill has been developed to reduce its environmental impact. Municipal composting and incineration have been developed to achieve resource recovery and waste reduction. Compost is the recovery of organic manure from organic matter, incineration is the recovery of waste heat. They all have certain requirements for the classification of rubbish. Composting needs relatively non-toxic harmless organic matter, the best object is the family kitchen leftovers, burning is not welcome high moisture and low calorific value components, such as family kitchen leftovers. Therefore, composting and incineration are two complementary ways of garbage disposal, the simplest family life garbage classification, should be wet and dry separation, that is, food kitchen organic class, the other class.

What are the problems that municipal composting and incineration will face in classifying and recycling? Why many cities have composting, incineration, landfill and other types of facilities, but municipal level of garbage classification and recycling can not be widely developed?

We analyze it from the three laws mentioned above.

The organic manure produced by compost has high value in itself, and it is an important raw material for developing organic agriculture and producing organic products in large scale. In fact, the current Development and Reform Commission approved the commodity Organic fertilizer price is also up to hundreds of yuan a ton. However, the organic fertilizer produced by municipal compost has high commercialization cost, which leads to the relatively low profit of compost. This is mainly because the high quality of organic manure requires high-quality compost raw materials, leftovers in a paper napkin in theory are impurities, then for the front-end classification has higher requirements, at the same time, also need special transport logistics to carry out transportation security. Compared with fertilizer, the market of organic fertilizer is not very small, and the collection of farming waste, garden waste, food processing or catering is more easy to scale the production of commodity organic fertilizer. In a comprehensive way, composting conforms to the first rule, but cannot satisfy the second and third rules.

In the case of low classification rate of rubbish, the production of high quality municipal commodity compost is confronted with a series of problems, such as insufficient income, high cost of raw material, low yield and higher price of organic fertilizer, which will further lead to the problem of classifying the ability of collecting and transporting, and forming a vicious circle.

For those cities with a low level of management, instead of freeing up a fleet to transport only a few of the community residents classified a small number of kitchen waste compost, the old strength can not be guaranteed to earn money, but also a handlebar all the rubbish to landfill or to burn.

So, municipal compost, stroke.

The front end of the household garbage category, stroke.

In 2013, less than 2% of the country's 173 million tonnes of municipal waste were treated with compost. According to the study of Xiahuan (2008), the ratio of kitchen waste to household waste accounted for as high as 69% in Beijing residents.

The proper meaning of waste incineration is to recycle the heat energy from the rubbish. Electricity is a product of a waste incineration plant. The value of electricity is obvious; the cost of generating electricity from waste incineration plants is very low, and after being accepted by the power grid, the waste electricity has the commodity fluidity. This conforms to the first and second rule as described above. However, even if China's energy use structure has undergone a major transformation, the garbage electricity is also only the power plant team's penis, in addition to thermal, hydropower, power, wind power, nuclear, solar, biomass energy potential and scale far in front of the waste electricity, may even the tidal energy is bigger than it. This does not conform to the third rule.

Thus, the main economic value of MSW incineration is not the recovery of heat energy, but the reduction of landfill capacity and the high cost of land in landfills. At present, the garbage incineration plant in the country, its most important source of profit, not from the generation income, but from the city's financial payment of up to 30-150 yuan per ton of garbage disposal fee (data from personal experience, no official document basis, for reference only).

From the engineer's point of view, the garbage incineration plant needs the front-end classification, if the garbage contains too much high moisture and low calorific value of the components, need to be in the combustion process to increase some of the combustion-supporting materials, while the furnace temperature is too low will lead to excessive smoke, these will increase the disposal costs of

However, for the franchise operation of the garbage incineration plant, from the point of view of maximizing corporate profits, if the electricity is no longer the main source of profit for the incineration plant, the Environmental protection Department of Flue gas emissions and lack of strict supervision, then why should also consider the garbage classification and front-end reduction? It is necessary to know that under the charging method of quantity and charge, the waste incineration plant can receive the corresponding subsidy from the finance for every ton of rubbish.

What about the landfill? Do they have a need to promote the classification of rubbish? No. They don't even have direct products like incinerators, and the only economic profit comes from the subsidies for waste disposal fees. Therefore, in the perspective of maximizing economic benefits, the more natural landfill waste is, the better.

Will waste disposal enterprises have a higher awareness of environmental protection than the public? In the end, it is a company which is driven by economic interests to intervene in municipal garbage disposal enterprises by PPP. Look at the news. The Ministry of Environmental Protection investigates the accident of leachate from the landfill site in Liu Li Tun, Beijing

In the end, it is not the companies in the garbage disposal system that are most anxious to classify the rubbish, nor the average resident who usually holds the "nimby" view, but the local government, which is responsible for the combined cost of garbage disposal. Do not deal with rubbish, minutes of garbage siege, taxpayers will protest that garbage disposal is the most basic public services; dispose of rubbish, composting trouble, burning the direct financial pressure, and easy to arouse the surrounding residents protest, landfill occupy more and more valuable land resources and groundwater and soil pollution. So, like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other populations, large cities, construction of less land cities, the government is really want to engage in garbage classification, but also put a lot of real money in the community to carry out the pilot, but can only say that a little progress, from large-scale trial there are still a long distance. One of the core contradictions, which I have discussed above:

(1) The top-down pressure is not enough, the garbage classification can not depend on, the law is not strict, illegal does not correct, not based on the legal system to implement effective garbage charges and other economic levers, whether from the legal level or the economy, there is no effective compulsory promotion of residents; (2) Because of policy system, technical level, management ability, The limitations of the characteristics of the garbage composition, at present, only a few components of domestic waste form a perfect market-oriented material recycling industry chain, municipal composting, incineration and other large proportion of waste end treatment (use) of the front-end classification of the pulling effect is very limited, municipal refuse comprehensive classification of the use of facilities construction is insufficient, Some of the components that have some reuse value are nowhere to be used, and can only be burned or buried after the mixture is received and transported.

4. Before the municipal sector has established an effective system for classifying, classifying, classifying, using and classifying services, is it necessary for us, as ordinary residents, to conduct family-disaggregated and community-disaggregated delivery?

My answer is, yes.

As far as I am concerned, at this stage of the situation, garbage classification does not need to be like some guidelines, suggestions on the seven or eight or even more than 10 kinds. China's current classification of rubbish is only at the stage of a toddler, learning to walk, and so on the stability of learning to run later.

For most families and offices, it is recommended to divide the household waste into three categories.

1 sanitary waste, or toilet trash, including all kinds of used toilet paper (towel), diapers, cotton swabs, hair, gauze, and other personal belongings with bodily fluids. This part of the rubbish is usually low moisture, high calorific value, highly pathogenic pollution risk, suitable and should be relatively closed and independent packaging, and into a garbage incineration plant for processing;

2 kitchen waste, including a variety of peel, shell, fruit core, leftovers and other food-like garbage, but can not include food packaging, kitchen paper and napkins. This part of the waste water high, low calorific value, not suitable for incineration plant, but the good raw materials for composting, should be independent packaging after the kitchen waste recycling bins.

3 ordinary rubbish, remove the above two kinds of, the other is ordinary rubbish.

These three classifications are in fact consistent with the life practices of many families today. Bathroom a trash, kitchen a trash, living room A trash, I think this is standard for most city families. Therefore, the classification based on these three bins is convenient for the residents to understand, and there is a relatively small amount of extra labour to be paid.

Of course, since the classification, the requirements must be there. Many families used to have multiple trash cans, but there is no special barrel dedicated, in the kitchen to cook the plastic packaging thrown in the kitchen garbage can, or in the living room to eat fruit in the living room to throw the shell in the garbage bin, and then throw rubbish when two barrels a merger, peremptorily will be thrown into the community garbage bin. The implementation of the three classifications, the most important is special barrels, independent packaging, separate delivery. All personal hygiene-related rubbish is thrown into the toilet trash bin, all the food sex rubbish is removed and thrown into the kitchen trash bin, the other rubbish is thrown into the living room trash bin.

For ordinary residents who don't know more about the classification requirements, dividing the household rubbish into the above three categories achieves a 100 pass level.

For ordinary residents who don't know more about the classification requirements, dividing the household rubbish into the above three categories achieves a 100 pass level.

If you are not satisfied with the three categories of classification, you want to make advanced classification, then in the third category of ordinary garbage, the further classification of toxic and hazardous waste. such as mercury thermometer, old fluorescent tube, including circuit board but no clear recovery channels of small electronic equipment, expired drugs, mercury batteries, etc., can be singled out for storage, separate packaging and put into the garbage cans.

Further, paper, metal, clothing, plastic, glass products can be individually packaged and put. The different plastic bottles are classified according to the material category at the bottom, and different fabrics are classified according to the materials of wool, cotton, hemp and chemical fiber. More advanced, the simple dismantling of some rubbish, such as plastic coats removed from the notebook, or the small electronic products of the plastic shell and circuit board, wire dismantling. Of course, this should be more than 100 points of the contest type additional questions.

So, at present, even if the classification of the delivery will be mixed in the case, we personally carry out the meaning of three types of recycling in the end?

First, it helps to keep the household sanitation.

Scientific understanding of sanitary waste, kitchen waste and ordinary garbage hygiene characteristics, the implementation of special barrels dedicated, classified collection, help reduce the daily load of garbage. For office workers, every day to go to work out of the time to throw away the kitchen waste, other garbage can be thrown a few days, due to the rest of the main dry garbage, do not worry about the room to produce peculiar smell.

Second, it is helpful to cultivate family members, especially children's classification habits.

Not enforcing a mandatory classification of rubbish now does not mean that it will not be in the future; our generation will not be able to implement a nationwide compulsory garbage classification until retirement (2050), but it does not mean that the generation will not be able to retire before retirement (2070). Garbage classification is a trend for Chinese cities with high population densities. In fact, I personally think that after 2030, the probability of enforcing rubbish classification in one or two big cities will be greatly improved. If the attitude of a first-tier city government is tough enough, it may be possible to enforce a regional mandatory classification from 2020 onwards. After all, they now have to pay a hefty subsidy every year for garbage disposal. For example, Beijing's 2013 fiscal spending on urban sanitation was 1.17 billion, while the subsidy for public transport was 1.17 billion. Then you guess what happened? December 28, 2014, Beijing's subway and bus, all prices.

Just like no matter how nostalgic, Beijing subway two Yuan era will end up sooner or later, Beijing theoretically 66 yuan per household every year, in fact, many families have never handed in and do not know to pay the domestic waste disposal fee will sooner or later be more stringent classification policies and charging policies replaced. (now most of Beijing households actually bear the waste disposal charges in the form of property to pay the property, the property to the sanitation department to pay for the waste disposal fee, the standard is still far below the actual cost of garbage disposal.) ）

In order to deal with the possible imposition of mandatory classification policies and high fees, the province gets a rush to punish, I personally still suggest that the three categories of classification for long-term family practice, both scientific and reasonable, but also to meet the possible policy requirements.

Third, civilization, self-discipline and public good.

Civilized and self-discipline opinions, people are drunk I wake up is a stressful lifestyle, purely to see personal choice.

From the social welfare point of view, every bag of garbage from home to waste treatment plant, it will accept scavengers and sanitation workers inspection. They either survive, or are professionally required, to look for materials that have some recycling value (which you don't know or disdain to recycle) from a variety of garbage bags. These materials are mainly derived from the third category of rubbish. If we have sorted out sanitary and kitchen waste and packaged The glass ballast, the sharp metal and so on, and discarded the various waste components as much as possible, then the scavengers and the sanitation workers will be more hygienic, efficient and safe in two classifications.

Heavy responsibilities, talk with each other.